Making a Smart Decision on Steroid Use - 1167 Words

Title of Speech: making a smart decision on steroid use Purpose statement: To persuade athletes to not use steroids INTRODUCTION I. Opening If there’s one thing a lot of people value these days, it’s a powerful looking body. And if you are an athlete, you want to make that body as powerful as it can be. So if an athlete wants to add some muscle, what can they do? Well, they can work out, or they can inject some anabolic steroids. Steroids can bring quick benefits to anyone who wants to build up their physique. But in the long run, those benefits can soon be overcome by the risks. II. Link to the audience As I look around I can tell a number of you are or at some point were athletes, whether it was in high school or now†¦show more content†¦1. Possession of illegally obtained steroids has a maximum penalty of one year in prison and a minimum fine of $1,000 if it is ones first offense. 2. The maximum penalty for trafficking is five years in prison and a fine of $250,000 if this is the individual’s first felony drug offense. If this is the second felony drug offense, the maximum time in prison and the maximum fine both double. 3. Although this is all for federal offenses, most states have also added in many fines and penalties for such steroid abuse. B. According to steroidtruth.com the international Olympic committee, NCAA, and many professional sports leagues have also banned the use of steroids by their athletes, both because of their potential dangerous side effects and because they give the user an unfair advantage. 1. They have also banned the use of steroid precursors for the same reasons steroids were banned. 2. The international Olympic committee and professional sports leagues use urine testing to detect steroid use both in and out of competition. Transition statement: Now that we know the negative side effects along with the laws and penalties, let’s find out how to prevent or at least reduce steroid abuse somewhat significantly. III. As the office of diversion explains the most important aspect to stopping such abuse is education concerning the dangerous and harmful side effects, and symptoms of abuse. A. Athletes and others must understand thatShow MoreRelatedHigh Performance Athletes Concerned With Optimum Muscle Growth And Repair Essay1404 Words   |  6 Pagesspecifically tailored to high performance athletes concerned with optimum muscle growth and repair. Winidrol provides a measurable increase in strength and speed and reduces body fat while improving the retention of nitrogen during protein synthesis for use in cell replacement and tissue regeneration. Additional nitrogen is necessary to increase the ability to build muscle. Additionally, Winidrol can increase blood flow and improves cardiovascular function. Features: Delivers greater muscle definitionRead MoreEssay about Mental Health Drugs1568 Words   |  7 Pagespeople are finding help in a small pill. Originally diagnosed for Alzheimer’s disease and ADHD, these drugs are increasingly used off label in universities and workplaces. In society, people call this form of off label use of neuroenhancing drugs chiefly two different things: smart drugs informally, and nootropics formally. The word nootropic originated from a Romanian Dr. Corneliu E. Giurgea, a combination of the Greek words nous, meaning mind, and trepein meaning to bend or turn. These drugs doRead MoreWhat Are The Products?2060 Words   |  9 PagesWhat Are The Products? I will walk you through a few of the Crazy Bulk products to explain how and why they work. Rest assured that all of the products on the website are equally effective, safe and practically amazing. D Bal D Bal Crazy Bulk D Bal uses scientific research on how muscles function to deliver effective support to athletes. It will assist your muscles in achieving elevated protein synthesis by retaining the most nitrogen possible and creating an optimum anabolic state within your musclesRead MoreThe Development of Anabolic Steroids in Sports Essay2058 Words   |  9 Pagesthen on the evolution of performance enhancing drugs expanded exponentially and in turn the use increased dramatically. Other athletes began to follow in the Soviet Union’s steps by implementing performance enhancing drugs into their training regimen in order to compete with the soviets. In 1972 the olympic community first implemented drug testing to check for higher testosterone levels to try and combat the use of PED’s. In turn that led to the creation of fast acting hormones that leave the systemRead MoreEssay on The Medias Negative Influence on Teens4552 Words   |  19 Pagescelebrities. These fashion magazines focus on losing exceptional amounts of weight in weeks to inexpensive plastic surgery. While adolescent girls are interested in losing weight and looking beautiful, young men are influenced by body builders and the use of steroids to achieve their idea of the â€Å"perfect† body. Girls’ and boys’ bodies are changing almost every day. What they read in magazines and what they watch on television have a great impact on their adult lives. The Internet now offers infinite amountsRead MoreEssay on Controversy Behind South Parks Ethics2585 Words   |  11 Pages The style of cinematography used to create the show is much more simplistic than traditional hand-drawn animation, but it is also very tedious and very labor intensive. The use of computers has made it more efficient because things dont have to be cut out and glued together by hand as was done for the pilot. Instead we use and reuse files from previous shows. Today the scripts for South Park episodes are written onl y days before a show actually airs, allowing the content of the show to stay upRead More Performance Enhancing Drugs Essay2287 Words   |  10 Pagesthey please. Although some drugs can be seen as damaging to the health of individuals, especially athletes, some drugs can be used in other ways. However the main problem of drugs isn’t the use of the drug but the abuse. People become addicted to the substance and tend to rely on it rather than occasional use. Someone such as an athlete should not be addicted to something so life consuming as a drug. The lack of self-control with athletes towards the drugs has become a concerning social problem.Read MoreNotes on Marijuana1909 Words   |  8 Pageseffects. Marijuana affects memory, judgment, and perception. Under the influence of marijuana, you could fail to remember things you just learned, watch your grade point average drop, or crash a car. Also, since marijuana can affect judgment and decision making, using it can cause you to do things you might not do when you are thinking straight—such as engaging in risky sexual behavior, which can result in exposure to sexually transmitted diseases, like HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, or getting inRead MoreSports Are A Great Chance For Kids Essay2567 Words   |  11 Pagesthey do and will encourage them till the day I die, these trophies will be given back until they EARN a real trophy. I m sorry I m not sorry for believing that everything in life should be earned and I m not about to raise two boys to be men by making them believe that they are entitled to something just because they tried their best...because sometimes your best is not enough, and that should drive you to want to do better.† No parent ever wants their child to feel like a failure and maybe tellingRead MoreErving Goffman Stigma6568 Words   |  27 Pagesmore concerned with excellence in process o r excellence in outcome. Cognitive enhancement should be especially tolerated when the activities at stake are non-zero-sum and when the importance of process is outweighed by the importance of outcome. The use of cognition-enhancing drugs does not unnaturally cheapen accomplishments achieved under their influence; instead, cognitive enhancement is in line with well-established conceptions of collaborative authorship, which shift the locus of praise and blame

Marketing Plan Example - 3562 Words

Executive Summary The purpose of this marketing plan is to analysis and identify the market plan of â€Å"We love Foreigner† which will be created by Translation call centre and information for tourism Service (TCCT) company. This service is an innovative and TCCT is the only one provider of this service in Australian Market. This call centre provides the service in six significance languages namely Japanese, Korean China, Spanish, Portuguese and France, called service language. â€Å"We love Foreigner† provide diversify customer value depend on particular purpose of using it. However main customer value of this service are reducing miscommunication, creating good customer experience and more understanding in travel related information. The†¦show more content†¦Therefore they can reduce risk from misunderstanding as well as plan the best trip for themselves. TCCT will provide six languages namely Japanese, Korean China, Spanish, Portuguese and France. These languages will be called Services Language in this report. Providing Service Language, TCCT will cover approximately 32% of all visitors in 2008 (Tourism Australia, 2009). This statistic was exclude number of visitor from South America countries which almost all countries speak Portuguese and Spanish (Language Log, 2007). 2.Market overview Australia is thought to be a mix culture country because there are a lot of foreigners come into the country with difference objectives which generate benefit for Australian economic. For example, overseas students are accounted as customers in export education services which are the third largest export income of Australia (Reserve Bank of Australia, 2008). Moreover, travel industry accounted 11.5 billion dollar in 2007 (Anthony, 2008). However, communication problems between non-English speaking visitors and native speaker, obviously, become common problems in Australian society even in daily activities basis. For example, overseas students misunderstand in important conditions in serious negotiation such as house rental, employment, and bank. Hotels or travel accommodations might have the same problems. Their staff might not able to understand customers’ requirementShow MoreRelatedMarketing Plan Example3830 Words   |  16 PagesMarketing Plan I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Star Software, Inc., is a small, family-owned corporation in the first year of a transition from first-generation to second-generation leadership. Star Software sells custom-made calendar programs and related items to about 400 businesses, which use the software mainly for promotion. Stars 18 employees face scheduling challenges, as Stars business is highly seasonal, with its greatest demand during October, November, and December. In other months, theRead MoreIntegrated Marketing Plan Example3256 Words   |  14 PagesIntegrated Marketing Communications Client: HTC x Microsoft HTC HTC takes pride in their contribution to the growth and capabilities of smartphone technology, having invested in a team of highly talented Research Development (RD) professionals and pioneering many state-of-the-art innovations and world-class designs for smart-phones. â€Å"HTC s mission is to become the leading innovative supplier of mobile information and communication devices by providing value-added design, world-class manufacturingRead MoreMARKETING PLAN Essay examples4295 Words   |  18 Pages GROUP MARKETING PLAN 1003MKT Team Marketing Project APPLE IWATCH Executive Summary The following marketing plan will outline a clear proposal for a new product line to the Apple Company. Currently Apple’s performance as a leader in the technology world has been a success. Apple is the dominator and now they plan to even target people that live alone. Apples current product offering and marketing strategies have become effective in attracting new customers to its already knownRead MoreSubway Marketing Plan Essay example1404 Words   |  6 PagesSUBWAY MARKETING PLAN 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: SUBWAY (restaurants) is an American fast-food franchise owned by Doctor’s Associates, Inc. Subway was founded by Peter Buck and Fred Deluca, with its first restaurant being set up in Bridgeport, U.S in 1965. The franchise runs 38,813 restaurants in 99 countries. Today, the SUBWAY brand is the worlds largest submarine sandwich chain. The SUBWAY franchise provides variety of great testing and healthier foods and the third largest fast food chain. Read MoreSony Marketing Plan Essay example3423 Words   |  14 PagesThreats†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.9 Marketing Opportunity Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 Marketing Plan Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.11 Target Market†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦11 Competitive Benefits†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦12 Positioning Statement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.12 Promotional Plan†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦12 Gaming Conferences†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.13 Online Promotion and Advertising†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦13 Beta Release for Critics†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦14 Product Marketing and Cost†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦14 Read MoreMarketing Plan for Coca Cola Essay example1848 Words   |  8 PagesExecutive summary The principal activities of the Coca-Cola Company are the manufacture, distribution and marketing of nonalcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups. The Group owns or licenses and markets more than 500 nonalcoholic beverage brands, primarily sparkling beverages. Coca-cola also distributes a variety of still beverages, such as waters, enhanced waters, juices and juice drinks, ready-to-drink teas and coffees, and energy and sports drinks. Coca-Cola manufactures, or authorizesRead MoreSwot Analysis Of Marketing Planning Procedures1303 Words   |  6 Pages The SWOT Analysis and its Importance in Marketing Planning    Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In order to run a thriving business, you must be very knowledgeable about your customers, operation, competitors and the environment.  When it comes to market planning  many important factors must be taken into consideration. According to the business dictionary market planning is the procedure of examining one or more of prospective marketplacesRead MoreMarketing Research : Market, Product And Service907 Words   |  4 PagesFor this task I been asked to link the marketing research methods to the development of BT-Broadband, TV, phone, home business marketing plans by applying the following analytical tools to the BT; †¢ Marketing planning process model †¢ Pestle †¢ Swot †¢ Smart objective BT is a British multinational telecommunications services company with head offices in London, England, United Kingdom. It has operations in around 170 countries. Marketing Research Marketing Research is the process of analysingRead MoreWhy Do You Believe So Many Other Employees Participate At Marketing Planning?855 Words   |  4 Pagesemployees participate in marketing planning? Putting together a marketing plan is often labor intensive and essential to the success of the business, subsequently, often many departments will contribute in their field of expertise. For example: You may need a team to do a competitive analysis of similar products, to examine how your product stacks up to others in the marketplace, and there may be a need for test marketing. (Tanner Raymond, 2010,) Similarly, a marketing researcher might be neededRead MoreImplement Marketing Strategies998 Words   |  4 PagesBSBMKG514A Implement and monitor marketing activities [ Revision Number: 1 ] BSBMKG514A Implement and monitor marketing activities Modification History Not applicable. Unit Descriptor Unit descriptor | This unit describes the performance outcomes, skills and knowledge required to implement marketing activities described in a marketing plan, to monitor their effectiveness in meeting organisational marketing objectives, and take actions to improve marketing performance.No licensing, legislative

The Causes of Young Homelessness and the Theory Behind It Free Essays

I have chosen this research topic in order to increase awareness of homelessness amongst young people of 16-24 years old. By raising awareness I hope also to put pressure on local people to be more helpful to them so that they feel less socially excluded. In brief, the term ‘homeless’ means anyone with no fixed abode or roof over their head. We will write a custom essay sample on The Causes of Young Homelessness and the Theory Behind It or any similar topic only for you Order Now The term covers rough or street sleepers, those living in temporary accommodation, people under threat of eviction, those ‘sofa surfing’ and so on. Legally, the state of ‘homelessness’ is defined as â€Å"having no suitable accommodation available to you, or being at risk of having no suitable accommodation available within the next 28 days† (REFERENCE YEAR). The term now has a wider meaning: sleeping out in the cold is no longer the only face of homelessness. Those sleeping in shelters are also considered homeless. Individuals wandering from house to house seeking shelter from relatives and acquaintances are deemed homeless as well. Currently, a homeless person is someone who lacks a regular, safe place to reside. As a social class, the homeless are a disparate group with many different factors contributing to their homelessness. Researchers agree that ‘poverty’ is the common thread among homeless individuals (United Nations Centre for Human Settlement, 2000). However, there are different views on what causes poverty. Possible causes include substance abuse, sudden unemployment, mental illness and many other variables. In addition, poverty can either be caused by or be the cause of the mental anguish of homelessness (Centrepoint 2010). Homelessness in Young People: Demographics A distinction is drawn between statutory and non-statutory homeless. This distinction is defined by the 1985 Housing Act, using vulnerability as a criteria. Under this, most single people are not vulnerable, while families and pregnant women are defined as statutory homeless (Kemshall and Pritchard 1997). According to research by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation (JRF), young women are more likely to be statutory homeless than are young men, whilst young men 18 years old and over are more likely to be non-statutory homeless. Statutory homeless young people are more unlikely to have an ethnic minority background in Scotland, Wales or Northern Ireland but within England, and particularly London, are more likely to have an ethnic minority background. In terms of age groups, 16 to 17 year old women are highly vulnerable. It is stated that in UK during the year 2006-7, up to 75,000 young people experienced homelessness (ukyouth.org [online] 2011). This figure includes 43,075 young people aged 16-24 who were statutorily homeless, at least 31,000 non-statutorily homeless young people using supporting people services during that same year, and other over-lapping figures including small numbers sleeping rough. The rate per 1,000 populations of homeless people differs across the UK. The region with the highest proportion is Scotland (15.1 per 1000), followed by Wales (8.2), England (4.9) and Northern Ireland (4.8). There was an increase in the number of homeless young people in the early 2000s following an extension of the priority need groups. However, on a positive note, there have been substantial reductions in England from 54,172 in 03/04 to 29,937 in 06/07 and in Wales, from 3,982 in 04/05 to 2,927 in 06/07. This has not, however, been matched by reductions in Scotland or Northern Ireland. There ar e also significant differences between homelessness in urban and rural areas (Joseph Rowntree Foundation 2008). The figures on youth homelessness can be deceptive. While the numbers of young homeless people sleeping rough in the UK on any given night are low, this does not indicate the extent to which many young people experience homelessness, as many need to sleep rough for short periods before securing temporary accommodation. Few sleep rough for an entire year, therefore the figures conceal the extent to which homelessness effects young people. JRF research also shows that young women are more likely to be statutorily homeless than young men, while young men over the age of 18 are more likely to be non-statutorily homeless (perhaps due to the definition being based on the notion of vulnerability). In addition, they suggest that many young homeless people are part of a couple and or have dependent children (Joseph Rowntree Foundation 2008). Homeless young people have a high level of vulnerability, especially so amongst the 16-17 age group within the UK. There are a number of risk factors which push people towards homelessness, including family violence, pregnancy, mental illness, and substance abuse (King and Wheeler 2006), and these factors also increase the vulnerability of the homeless. JRF research (2008) suggests that amongst those 16-17 years of age, 54% are suspended or excluded from school, 52% have anxiety, depression or other mental health problems, 47% ran away from home, 45% had family financial issues, 37% had a drug or alcohol problem, 39% were involved in antisocial behaviour or crime and 18% had spent time in care. Causes of Homelessness There is a link between a young person’s home background and risk of homelessness, with a number of risk factors including moving school frequently, being in care, child abuse, running away from or leaving home early, family conflict and relationships with parents (Ravenhill 2008). According to the JRF (2008), children from poorer socio-economic backgrounds are mostly at increased risk of homelessness. The JRF also suggest that of all the causes linked with homeless the most significant is ‘relationship breakdown’, usually with parents or step-parents. For many of these young people, this breakdown often involves violence or abuse of some sort. These groups of young homeless often have much poorer health than other young people with mental health problems and substance misuse issues. A high minority of young homeless people have multiple needs. However, it is not clear whether the occurrence of complex needs is on the increase or whether agencies are now better at recognising a range of needs. Homelessness is therefore associated with a complex mix of problems faced by young people, with mental health problems and substance misuse problems particularly significant. Unsurprisingly, there is evidence that homelessness delays young people’s participation in employment, education or training, with many becoming NEET (Not in Education, Employment or Training) after leaving their last settled home. (Joseph Rowntree Foundation 2008). In addition, the charity Crisis suggests that the length of time someone stays homeless can influence how long they are likely to continue to remain homeless for: that is, the longer someone is homeless, the more likely they are to remain homeless. This is because the longer a person is homeless, the more acclimatised he or she becomes to the lifestyle of homelessness, and the harder it becomes to make the transition to a life within a home (Crisis YEAR). The Guardian suggest that in addition to factors in family background, wider social issues also play a part (The Guardian YEAR). Homelessness is caused by factors which relate to the wider state of the economy and the housing market as well as those which are personal to the individual. Such personal causes are made worse by overcrowding, racism, living in deprived areas and discrimination. Whereas for some young people, the causes of homelessness are fairly straightforward and a function of their current personal situation, for example giving up an existing tenancy or a relationship breakdown, for others, the reason for them becoming homeless is more complex and issues from their personal background are compounded by socio-economic factors. This means that for young people with more complex situations homelessness is not just a housing problem as some of them have other difficulties and support needs such as physical and mental health problems, substance abuse, unemployment, histor ies of offending and chaotic lifestyles. If such young people become homeless through circumstance, they are likely to find it harder to deal with the trauma of homelessness and difficulties in accessing services when homeless. In addition, young people might find it harder to access structured support for homelessness, or prefer seeking advice and help from their friends and acquaintances (Robinson 2008). For statutory homeless young women, relationship breakdown is the main cause of homelessness, with violence as a common attribute. For example, relating to Hall’s interview with hostel youths, he stated that the reason for a boy he interviewed being homeless was due to relationship breakdown with his parents ‘Robby is 17 years old and left home only a few months ago, having fallen out with his parents; since then he has been sleeping on sofa at a friend’s house’ (Hall, YEAR). The impact of these relationship breakdowns can include the start of mental health or drug or alcohol misuse problems, or the exacerbation of existing problems, difficulties in studying or working, and a feeling that their life is ‘static’ (that they can not move forward with their lives in terms of being independent). In addition, homelessness is costly financially as it can lead to shortage of funds through job loss and increased living costs. A history of early childhood trauma, particularly mental, sexual and physical abuse (which occurs in mostly broken homes), is by far the most common attribute found among the young homeless and child abuse has been linked in research to homelessness (O’Malley 1992). Abuse can take many forms, and abused youngsters trade home environments which feature alcohol and drug abuse, mixed with crime, poverty and violence for similar conditions on the streets. According to Whitbeck (2009), it is also possible to distinguish a category of ‘throwaways’, young homeless people who are forced out of their homes by parents for a variety of reasons and for whom the parents have made no alternative care arrangements. The factors leading to young homelessness mentioned above (child abuse) still apply, with the added problems associated with forced removal from the home or family environment (ehow [online] YEAR). This group can be contrasted with runaways (Lee 2005), young people who run away either from home or from child protective services or foster homes. The demographics of a city can sometimes cause homelessness because when industries such as manufacturing move overseas, many local jobs go with them. This causes a wave of unemployment, and often a shortage of suitable employment which leads to the unemployed being unable to afford housing, provide for themselves or their loved ones. (eHow [online] YEAR). Since homelessness is such a common issue, almost every city, even within highly developed countries, have to deal with the problem, especially large metropolitan areas such as London. However there have never been enough resources available to deal with the different conditions that lead to homelessness, and this exacerbates the problem (eHow [online] YEAR) . Impact of Homelessness The impact of homelessness is an ongoing cause for concern. Young homeless people experience particularly high levels of depression, anxiety and other mental health problems, and are also more likely to cease formal education, training or employment. Young people describe their lives as being ‘on hold’. The section above has demonstrated that young people facing homelessness come disproportionately from disadvantaged backgrounds in terms of both poverty and disrupted, and often traumatised, childhoods. Evidence also suggests that homelessness compounds these characteristics and experiences, and this is examined in more detail in this section. According to Ploeg’s research (YEAR), young people who are homeless use coping mechanisms which include shoplifting, selling drugs or sex and begging as they need a means both to survive financially and to cope with homelessness mentally. However it is difficult to assess how they get themselves into this condition without looking at the causes and factors that lead to young individuals becoming homeless. As well as social and family problems, they may have existing issues with low self esteem and feelings of worthless. These have a deep emotional impact and may even drive them to suicide when compounded by a homeless situation. Above it has been shown that youths run away from home, or become homeless, for a wide and complex range of reasons including, for example, family life and stress. They may be getting physical or verbal abuse from their parent, possibly they are living with a lone parent who may be experiencing a hard time also and this may result in the expression of violent behaviour towards their child. Young homeless people, therefore, find themselves in many different circumstances. Some may just want to leave home to survive by themselves as they may not get on with their family: they may have family problems, such as parental divorce and or a step-parent moving in, which make it hard for them to adapt to new situations including bonding with a new ‘mother’ or ‘father’. Other circumstances include teenage pregnancy, or they may have been told to leave by their parents or they may decide they want a place of their own so they would have to put their name on a waiting list or they are placed in a hostel or shelter until they can be provided with housing. Young women who can’t escape from their abusive boyfriends can go into a women’s refuge if they have nowhere else they can go. All of these situations are very unfortunate and within the UK there are wide range of situations which influence young people to become homeless (Hallett 1993). Health wise, homelessness has been shown to impact negatively on most young people’s sense of emotional well-being: for example a 2009 survey revealed that the proportion of homeless 16–17 year olds with current mental health problems could be nearly three times that of their peers in the general population, and also suggested that the experience of homelessness can contribute to poor mental health among young people. Homelessness is particularly linked to depression, with a variety of negative thought patterns including the feeling of stagnation described above. In addition some young homeless people may get angry at anyone around them for no reason. Issues of mental health play a part in leading homeless young people to become addicted to drugs or alcohol (Fitzpatrick, 2009). In addition, and according to a Stanford University study conducted in 1991, it was suggested that young street sleepers are more vulnerable to diseases in general, but particularly to venerea l disease, as they are far more likely to engage in prostitution as a means of funding. Many street youth homeless are gripped by a fear of institutional assistance, and worry that appealing to the authorities may result in their being returned to the home environment they left or being placed in the custodial care of a therapeutic foster home or group home (eHow.com [online] YEAR). To summarise, there are a number of factors which lead to homelessness, and they are complex in nature. The impact upon young people of homelessness is severe, and the relationship between homelessness and causal factors is two-way, with homelessness making some causes, including mental issues and drug abuse, worse. Government provision The 2002 Homelessness Act (Youth Justice Board [online] 2011) amends part 7 of the 1996 Housing Act, extending the category of priority need for housing and strengthening requirements placed on local authorities (LA). LA were required to carry out a range of new initiatives including reviewing homelessness in their area and developing a strategic overview including measures to prevent homelessness, provide accommodation for homeless and develop a sufficient support structure of homeless people (Youth Justice Board [online] 2011) There are some notable other features of the act. First, it sets out a requirement to provide housing to non-priority homeless people. Previously, Local Authorities were required to home only those local people who were in priority need. The act expanded LA provision to include non-priority cases, as long as they were not homeless by intent. The amendment was aimed primarily at areas where there was surplus housing stock (Homeless Link [online] 2011). In addition, the Act abolished the two year limit on the provision of temporary housing to priority groups. Now Local Authorities are required to provide housing to these groups until they find suitable alternative accommodation (Hester 2007). More generally, prior to the 2002 Act, if a Local Authority was satisfied that a person was homeless and fulfilled a number of other conditions, they had a duty to house them. This duty had a maximum length of 2 years, however, this time limit was abolished by the 2002 Act (Robson et al 2005).F inally, the Act strengthened the duty of the Local Authority to provide advice and assistance to the homeless, and initiated a more ‘sympathetic’ approach in which Local Authorities needed to be more proactive in supplying solutions to homelessness including taking preventative measures, considering all solutions including those provided by the private sector, and making constructive changes (Davis 2003). There have been, in addition, a number of more recent government attempts to make provision for homeless young people. For example, the National Youth Homelessness scheme was proposed as a result of the House of Lords judgment of Wednesday 20th of May 2009 in the case of R (on the application of G) (FC) (Appellant) v London Borough of Southwark (Respondents). It aims to help homeless youth and give them a future (Communities.gov.uk [online] 2011). The scheme attempts to co-ordinate provision for youth homelessness through the creation of a NYHS Youth Forum to look at what young people themselves think, the creation of 10 ‘centres of excellence’ across England to help build local and national ways to share information, a programme of workshops and conferences, and the instigation of an ‘action learning’ approach to programmes to reflect upon research as it is carried out (St Basils [online] 2011) A homeless strategy was published in March 2005, called Sustainable Communities: settled homes; changing lives. This sets out aims including that of preventing young people from becoming homeless. The document recommends a partnership approach in which different bodies and community organisations and local people work together to support those young people who have been homeless in a multi-faceted, holistic approach which aims to help them to find out who they are and what they want from life in order to see the issues they need to overcome to get there. Amongst other things, the document incorporates a realisation that young people can become homeless for a wide range of often complex reasons. The Government therefore aimed to commit to decreasing homelessness for young people including promoting measures such as more accommodation provision to ensure their housing and wider support needs are met and managing the transition of young people between temporary and settled accommodati on to ensure continued access to the services they need (Fitzpatrick 2005). Wider Theoretical Perspectives on Homelessness Homelessness is a worldwide problem that urges many to question why this issue persists and what the best approach to solving it might be. While the majority of the public may have many different ways to view homelessness and the extent to which it affects individuals, economies, and whole societies, there are a number of theoretical issues deriving from sociology which should be taken into account.Sociologists have argued that the possibility of someone becoming homeless depends on conditions that include both society-based causes and personal problems. Personal problems such as substance abuse, mental illness or minimal education don’t necessarily lead to homelessness, as can be seen in the lives of those who have these problems and still have homes. When certain societal structures are present, personal problems are curable, making deprivation a last resort rather than an only resort. There are three common sociological perspectives on homelessness, the interactionist, functionalist and conflict based approaches. The interactionist perspective suggests that the homeless population as a whole is ostracized from other socio-economic groups because of exchanges that occur between homeless individuals and those in economic classes financially better off than homeless individuals. An interactionist sociologist might highlight the reluctance among some employers to hire individuals who do not possess any physical address and likely lack any academic or prior employment experience (Kornblum 2003). The interactionist approach also suggests looking at the subjectivity of the homeless person in order to gain a picture of his or her values and attitudes, to examine how these might contribute to his homeless situation (Hohm and Glynn 2002). A functionalist would suggest that many in the ranks of the homeless population actually can and do support themselves and, in most cases, are able to survive the hardship of daily life even if living a meagre existence. Such a perspective claims that homelessness amounts to little more than social infestation and therefore is a problem for the greater good of society as a whole (Kornblum 2003). A functionalist might also suggest that homelessness provides a solution to other problems in society, for example it creates a need for jobs providing welfare for the homeless (Hohm and Glynn 2002). Conflict theorists not consider homelessness, in itself, to be a problem. Instead they would say that capitalistic motives are being â€Å"the problem.† Such theorists would claim that the reason the homeless problem persists is not because of a homeless individual’s supposed reluctance to advance him or herself, but rather because of the capitalistic social classes that oppress those who cannot find a place to work or a physical address to call home. Therefore, when the oppressors deny employment to those who need employment, the economic-underclass victims will either rise up demonstrably or consider taking a more silent route, the latter of which, for the homeless, results in maintaining an existence of outcasts since they are socially excluded (Kornblum 2003). The problem of homelessness is seem as a function of conflict between social groups with opposing interests (Hohm and Glynn 2002). These three sociological perspectives provide a minor suggestion of how different types of sociologists would consider what is, to say the least, a troubling and complex social issue with differing solutions (Kornblum, 2003). Other Theoretical Approaches Other theories about homelessness and its causes suggest that the main causal factor combines problems in society with the individual’s situation. Symbolic interaction theory, for example, â€Å"places the individual at the centre of analysis and looks at the way the construct, deconstruct and reconstruct themselves, their worlds and their own reality† (Ravenhill 2008). In other words, what subjective sense does the individual make of wider circumstances including minimum wage employment, lack of public assistance services and lack of mental health services. This contrasts with theories which state personal issues as the main cause. It should be kept in mind, especially since people generally class all homeless as the same and in permanent condition, that the category of ‘homeless’ people is actually divided by many theorists into three categories (Stivers 2011). One of which is the ‘transitional’, those who have been through one incident of homelessness that lasted under 59 days. The second is ‘episodic, those who have had four to five incidents that total less than 266 days and the last is ‘chronic’, those who have had two incidents totalling 650 days or more. Emergency events usually cause a person to enter at the transitional level. Individuals encountering episodic and chronic occurrences are dealing with a more complex set of life circumstances. Such a distinction allows analysts to assess the seriousness of the homeless condition (Tobin and Murphy 2011). Misconceptions Many of the theoretical perspectives upon homelessness are not available to the ‘person in the street’, and consequently there are a number of misconceptions about the homeless. For example, few are aware of the extent to which the homeless suffer disorders such as schizophrenia, manic depression, bipolar disorder and other conditions, nor the extent to which they are inadequately treated for such conditions. Others, such as some Vietnam War veterans, have physical ailments such as a loss of limbs, hearing or eyesight that prevent them from obtaining or holding a job. These mental and physical disorders can be made worse by their incapability to pay medical bills, which prevents them from receiving the proper medical care. As well as a failure to understand how these conditions effect the homeless, members of ‘normal’ society often simply view the homeless as substance abusers or there by choice. In fact this applies to only a small portion of the group with only 6% of the homeless being without homes by choice. The majority of homeless individuals are down on their luck due to job loss, divorce, illness, or other unfortunate life events. Few also realise the extent to which single mothers suffer from homelessness. Almost 25% of the homeless are children and substance abusers and single mothers with children and people with minimal job skills make-up nearly 50% of the homeless population. In the case of single mothers with children, a 1998 government study showed that 22% of these women left their previous residence because of domestic violence issues (Suite101 YEAR). Without having access to the full range of facts, many people in current society believe that homeless people could get themselves out of the homelessness situation easily, should they so desire. This assumption is true of only a small percentage of homeless people, and a large proportion of the homeless population are unable to move out of homelessness because they cann ot care for themselves alone, due to either a mental or physical disability. There are a lot of things society take for granted such as food, address and the ability to stay in touch with others using phones and the internet, but these things are usually lacked by the homeless as they struggle every minute of the day to obtain food. As they have no fixed address or telephone number to use as a contact, getting a job or a reference will be difficult for them. Unemployed homeless youths are assumed to be lazy, but in fact many want to work (Amrosino et al 2007). Even though they desire to work, they face severe obstructions including appearance and clothes. In addition to problems securing work, the homeless are often rejected entry to some restaurants where they may be seeking a meal or use of the toilet facilities. Homeless people who face mental illness issues and have a harder time accessing health care (eHow.com YEAR). Common misunderstandings such as those outlined above can lead to disadvantage for homeless people as well as stigmatisation and marginalisation. Homeless young people become pushed to one side within society, in part by ignorance of what the condition really means (Jones, 1997). Suggestions for Future Research As seen above, there has been significant research into homelessness, suggestions about the causes, theoretical frameworks and practical legislative solutions. However, there are still many areas which could be investigated in greater detail, particularly more consideration of the social and economic causes of homelessness, and particularly of the ways in which factors in a homeless person’s background are compounded by economic and social factors. In addition, there is a need to look at the ways in which the media show homelessness, and the extent to which it offers a true picture of the condition. Finally, there is a need for targeted studies to measure the costs of homelessness and the benefits of specific interventions, as well as the overall impact of homelessness upon the life of the young person. Evaluation and Suggestions for Practical Solutions to Homelessness Youth homelessness can be prevented in different ways. On the one hand, there can be attempts to look at what went wrong in the family, and offering support designed to strengthen and mend family bonds, for example mediation. However, such attempts must never leave young people in danger of abuse. Secondly, local authorities can provide a range of practical help for example through social workers. Such help can include help finding accommodation and claiming benefits (Robinson 2008). The 2002 Housing Act, it has been shown above, said that Local Authorities and other public bodies and voluntary organisations need to work together to help to prevent homelessness and to provide suitable and secure homes, along with any other type of support that might be required. There was also an aim for each region to provide a ‘joined up’ approach with one over-arching strategy designed with local needs in mind, and aiming to help to reduce the level of homelessness better. Some autho rities with planned strategies have been able to move further to help a wider range of homeless people, especially in areas where there are high levels of homelessness and demand for social housing. An effective local homelessness strategy can: provide information on the scale and nature of homelessness in the area; identify the additional accommodation and support required to meet those needs; identify the services needed to prevent homelessness occurring or recurring; identify the resources currently available to meet these needs; identify additional resources required; involve other public, voluntary and private agencies in partnership work; spread best practice among agencies so as to provide greater focus on those aged 18+ (eHow YEAR) It seems that this move has been at least partially successful. In December 2007, for the first time, the Community and Local Government announced a three-year funding settlement for homelessness work by local authorities. Wendy Wilson of the House of Commons stated that: ‘Councils will receive at least ?150 million over three year to help them prevent and tackle homelessness in their areas and will receive almost ?50 million in homelessness grants next year – a ?3 million increase on last year and a rise of 6%. All local authorities will receive at least ?30,000, with some receiving increases of 25% higher than last year Newham, Solihull and Sunderland.’ Wilson concluded that the purpose of this funding settlement award is to help councils plan for the long-term to achieve even more for their money, and to help them meet targets to reduce the number of households in temporary accommodation by 50% , with an aim of ending the use of bed and breakfasts for 16 to 17 year olds by 2010. Through this money-saving scheme, councils will be able to invest funding in expanding successful prevention schemes such as rent deposit and mediation services, which have already demonstrated the potential to contribute to huge falls in homelessness and making further reductions in rough sleeping by funding outreach and day centre services. Preventing homelessness could also include the provision of an even broader range of advice and support services to help people access social and privately rented housing; to help sustain tenancies and prevent eviction and to help with difficult family or relationship situations through mediation.. Evidence from both Germany and England has suggested that successful implementation of homelessness prevention interventions can contribute to overall reductions in homelessness (Duherty, 2008). Further practical suggestions concern the need for help for the mental conditions often experienced by the homeless. Many people in this situation do not get mental help, perhaps because of their financial situation, or perhaps because their mental problems mean they find it difficult to navigate the system offering them assistance. If such help is made more easily available, more homeless youths might get the treatment needed to mentally prepare them for a better life (Benjaminsen et al, 2009). In addition, it can be argued that there is a real need to educate the general public about homelessness to counteract negative associations and perhaps even get them involved in helping the homeless perhaps by organising fundraising activities. The more people know about homelessness, the better the chance of reducing or rehabilitating the homeless. Conclusion Homeless is a problem which effects the whole of the UK, but for which local solutions are most useful. It is impossible for one agency, government body or third-sector organisation to provide a one-size-fits-all solution. There is rather a need to use successful partnerships between all institutions and individuals who have a stake in the issue to solve the complex issues of homelessness (Bath and North East Somerset Council 2008). There is a need for local authorities and other agencies to go beyond simply providing accommodation for homeless people. If action is carried out early enough, it can prevent people becoming homeless in the first place.. Also, even if people are rehoused, they may become homeless again if they are not helped to sustain their home, so action is also needed to support the vulnerable over an extended period of time (London Borough of Merton 2003). Overall, there has been some positive moves by Government towards solving the homeless problem among young people, especially since the 2002 Housing Act. The policies set out here, especially the requirement that local authorities should take a more active role, seem to have helped address some of the issues, particularly the need to create a solution which is multi-faceted and which does not merely address the provision of accommodation. The strategic approach also seems to ensure that different agencies act together, not in conflict with each other. The removal of time limits for duty to the homeless and other situations has also been positive as it seems to recognise that homelessness is a problem which cannot always be solved quickly.There is, however, a pressing need to educate the general population about homelessness, and help them see it is a problem that effects ordinary people like themselves. While government can provide funding, other work needs to be taken on by ordinar y members of the public. Those who are aware of the issues might help by volunteering, while others how are less informed might be encouraged to donate useful goods or make a financial contribution (Suite101 YEAR) While emphasising the role members of the public can play, and while acknowledging that wider publicity about homeless issues, and particularly the way homelessness effects young people, would be very useful, there is always going to be a need for government to provide the funding so that adequate support services and other preventative measures can be carried out.Homeless has been an issue that has impacted the lives of many people for a long time, and it is one which occurs throughout the world, and particularly within the UK. However, it has been shown that certain strategies can help reduce the problem. Evaluation Working on this project taught me a great deal about the process of secondary research (research which looks at existing studies rather than carrying out investigations from scratch) (McGivern 2009).I developed a research question and associated research aims, and learned how to search most efficiently for data both electronically and through libraries. I accessed electronic databases through my university library, and refined the search by using keywords including ‘homelessness’ youth’ ‘young people’ ‘accommodation issues’ ‘housing legislation’ and similar alone and in conjunction. I tried to keep the material used to articles written in the last ten years, but sometimes had to look at earlier material. I also tried to concentrate on material pertinent to the UK, but looked wider afield on occasion, particularly for the discussion on theory. In order to obtain a broader knowledge of the topic, I also visited the TUG Library Centre in Holloway where I got to read through some more reports and obtained some statistical report based on homeless young people but especially women. One important learning experience was taking a basic idea for a research project and refining it to a finished piece. This involved ‘brainstorming’ ideas around issues of homelessness, and organising the thoughts I came up with into a coherent and structured piece. I found discussion with fellow students and my tutors very helpful here, as they allowed me to talk through my ideas, reject ones which were off topic and refine my overall theme. I found that reflection played a key part in writing this assignment. I first made notes from different sources, and I would then let the ideas develop in my head over a few days. During this time I would have different ideas about new areas to investigate and things to omit from the final piece. Giving myself enough time to think through key themes was very important in researching and writing this piece. (5990 words) References Ambrosino, R, Ambrosino, R, Heffernan, J and Shuttlesworth, G (2007) Social Work and Social Welfare: An Introduction (6th edn.) Cengage Learning, Belmont CA. Bath and North East Somerset Council (2008) ‘BNES Homelessness Strategy 2008-2013’, [online] (cited 25th May 2011), available from http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/SiteCollectionDocuments/Housing/Homelessness%20Strategy%202008-2013.pdf Communities.gov.uk (2011) ‘National Youth Homelessness Scheme’ [online] (cited 26th May 2011), available from http://www.communities.gov.uk/youthhomelessness Davis, C (2003) Housing associations – rehousing women leaving domestic violence: new challenges and good practice, The Policy Press, Bristol. Hallett, G (1993) The New housing shortage: housing affordability in Europe and the USA, Routledge, 1993. Hester, M (2007) Making an impact: children and domestic violence : a reader, Jessica Kingsley Publishers, London Hohm, C F and Glynn, J A (2002) California’s social problems (2nd edn.), Pine Forge Press, Thousand Oaks CA Homeless Handbooks (2011) ‘Handbook: Recent Government Policy and Development’ [online] (cited 26th May 2011), available from http://handbooks.homeless.org.uk/hostels/theory/policyreview Kemshall, H and Pritchard, J (1997) ‘Good practice in risk assessment and risk management 2: protection, rights and responsibilities (2nd edn.)’, Jessica Kingsley Publishers, London King, T E and Wheeler, M B (2006) Medical management of vulnerable and underserved patients: principles, practice, and populations, McGraw-Hill Professional, 2006 USA Lee, S W (2005) Encyclopedia of school psychology, SAGE, Thousand Oaks, CA McGivern, Y (2009) The Practice of Market Research: An Introduction (3rd edn.), Pearson Education, Harlow Essex. O’Malley, P (1992) Homelessness: New England and Beyond, Univ of Massachusetts Press, USA Ravenhill, M (2008) The culture of homelessness, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd, Aldershot, Hants. Robinson, P (2008) Working with young homeless people, Jessica Kingsley Publishers, London. Robson, G, Robson, P and Roberts, D (2005) A Practical Approach to Housing Law, Routledge, 2005 St. Basils (2011) ‘National Youth Homelessness Scheme’ [online] (cited 26th May 2011), available from http://www.stbasils.org.uk/Corporate+and+partnerships/National+Youth+Homelessness+Scheme Stivers, L (2011) Disrupting Homelessness: Alternative Christian Approaches, Fortress Press, USA Tobin, K and Murphy, J (2011) Homelessness Comes to School, Corwin Press, USA UK Youth (2011) ‘facts and figures’ [online] (cited 25th May 2011), available from http://www.ukyouth.org/whoweare/Facts+and+Figures United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (2000) ‘Strategies to combat homelessness: Series of publications in support of the Global Campaign for Secure Tenure’, UN-HABITAT. Whitbeck, L B (2009) Mental health and Emerging Adulthood among Homeless Young People, Psychology Press, NY, Hove Youth Justice Board (2002) ‘Accommodation Homelessness Act 2002’, [online] (cited 25th May 2011), available from http://www.yjb.gov.uk/engb/practitioners/Accommodation/Legislationandresponsibilities/HomelessnessAct2002/ How to cite The Causes of Young Homelessness and the Theory Behind It, Essay examples

Role of Leadership and Management-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Questions: 1.Discuss aobut the Effective Communication Strategy to deal with future changes.2.Develop a feedback procedure to ensure ideas raised are dealt with promptly and appropriately. You must take into account the JKL Code of ethics and legislative requirements.3.Explain how systems, policies and procedures can support the development of effective work relationships focusing on interpersonal styles, communications, consultation, cultural and social sensitivity, networking and conflict resolution. Answers: Introduction: Northhouse (2015) suggested that both Leadership and Management are alike in many aspects, involving goals, influence, and team work and are differentiated by how long they have been studied as a subject. The management is a branch of study that only started in the 20th century, with the advent of industrialization. Workplace communication fosters improvement in productivity and efficiency, boost morale and organizational commitment. Factors like sharing of information, negative emotion expression, organizing, and relation maintenance can be used to understand how effective communication can be developed (Keyton et al. 2015). Therefore, and effective communication strategy that is persuasive and involves argumentation skills are important for Managerial work (Bharadwaj, 2017). Workplace relationships are vital for functioning, and as entities they are both substantive as well as effectual and thus inclusion or exclusion, to or from these dyads can have significant effect on the members of the organization (Sias, 2014). The purpose of this topic is to understand the aspects of an effective communication strategy, policies and action plans that support effective workplace relationships. 1.Effective Communication Strategy to deal with future changes: Sales Division Issue Organisational response to address the issue Division Communication Strategy What is the rationale for this this strategy Resources required Decline in sales New clients in the pipeline Sales meeting Foster team work and share best practices. Share information Foster a strong sales culture Whiteboard Power point Decline in revenues Increase revenue by improving customer value Communication via scorecard results and financial statements Increase awareness about the crisis situation to ensure serious attention being paid. White board, power point. Bulletin board showing current statistics. Failure to expand market share Monitor revenue figures and customers Regular training and posting of important statistics for the employees to see Ensuring the performance criterion are met and organizational objectives are adhered to White board, bulletin board, conference room/ training room, trainers, training materials Rentals Division Issue Organisational response to address the issue Division Communication Strategy What is the rationale for this this strategy Resources required Reduction in the rent Negotiate with suppliers Conducting market research to find current trends to help in negotiation Understanding the current market trend can help to formulate proper rents. Meeting room, marker research analysts Ineffective or slow communication and implementation of ideas for improved processes Increase communication and interaction between manager and employees Using modern technologies to reach out to all employees Clear communication to identify the goals and objectives set by the management Usage of emails, messaging services, discussion boards and workgroup communicator Service Division Issue Organisational response to address the issue Division Communication Strategy What is the rationale for this this strategy Resources required Culture of chronic conflict characterized by resistance to change, hostility, passive aggression, conflict avoidance and repeated occurrence of issues that were already resolved and agreed on Effective conflict management and adherence to professional code of conduct Employee grievance forum, Managerial Intervention to resolve conflicts Allowing the employee to express their grievances which can be affecting the work, and effective intervention to mitigate conflicts. Dedicated webpage or drop boxes to share grievances and intervention scopes. Lack of interpersonal skills, cultural sensitivities, emotional intelligence among managers and employees Improving interpersonal skills to ensure better service being provided Training in effective communication practices, cultural sensitivities and workplace ethics. Effective interpersonal skills are necessary for proper service being provided. Training room, trainer, training resources and materials. 2.Feedback procedures to ensure prompt and appropriate action on the ideas raised: An effective feedback is possible when it is provided timely, identifies target actions, is tangible, and is related to the organizational goals. A good feedback should highlight both the strengths and weaknesses, and suggest areas of improvement. It should feel like a motivation for the employees, instead of being over critical. However, most importantly, a good feedback should be to the point, and precise. An appropriate timing allows better application of feedback, and providing feedback as a part of a communication process can ensure better reception (Massie and Ali 2016). 3.Role of systems, policies and procedures in the development of effective work relationship: Workplace policies help in clarification of standard operating protocols and its reinforcement. Written policies allow better management of staff by the managers, by clearly outlining the workplace behaviors that are acceptable or unacceptable, clarifying implication for non adherence of recommended protocols. AN effective policy should outline the purpose and guidelines, and can be discrete in its implementation. Policies can be used in case of diversified interests /preferences which can otherwise cause conflicts (Workplace policies and procedures, 2017). References: Bharadwaj, A.V., 2017. Constructing Communication Strategy Templates for Managerial Persuasion and Argumentation Cases.International Journal of Marketing Business Communication,6(1). Keyton, J., Caputo, J.M., Ford, E.A., Fu, R., Leibowitz, S.A., Liu, T., Polasik, S.S., Ghosh, P. and Wu, C., 2013. Investigating verbal workplace communication behaviors.The Journal of Business Communication (1973),50(2), pp.152-169. Massie, J. and Ali, J.M., 2016. Workplace-based assessment: a review of user perceptions and strategies to address the identified shortcomings.Advances in Health Sciences Education,21(2), pp.455-473. Northouse, P.G., 2015.Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications. Sias, P.M., 2014. Workplace relationships.The SAGE handbook of organizational communication: Advances in theory, research, and methods, pp.375-400. Workplace policies and procedures.(2017).[online] Available at: https://www.industrialrelations.nsw.gov.au/oirwww/Employment_info/Managing_employees/Workplace_policies_and_procedures.page [Accessed 18 Nov. 2017]

Dear Diary Essay Example

Dear Diary Essay It was a sunny day as the weather forecast had been told it would be 25 degree. I was wearing my summer dress as I was doing my Geography homework outside in the garden. It started to get a bait chilly so I popped inside to get a cardigan as I ran outside the light from the sun was dark, I stared at the sky until I realised that there was a murky, gloomy, black cloud above me.I ran inside in hand with my Geography book, as I looked at the trees it was moving heavily; I guess that it would be the strong wind. I remembered my book; peeped inside to the thunder page and look at the part ‘What causes makes a thunder storm’ it said lighting, tornadoes I flipped the page to the tornado part and opened the diagram, Formation of Tornadoes it said the hot heat coming from the sun is downdraft, the moist air must be updraft, the downdraft mixed with the updraft must of caused a thunder cloud that is called a super cell.I started to get worried because there was a loud sound which was obviously lighting. I ran to my mum I showed her the page I was reading from, I putted the radio on to hear any weather updates; it said that there will be a tornado arriving any time. We grabbed the radio and all our special belonging. I started to read the Red Cross safety; go to the lowest floor, then to a room with no windows or shelves so we entered the bathroom.I turned on the radio again to see if the tornado was close to our town, we had to wait 10mins before they said it was in the town and was travelling 158-206mph, I heard loud sounds I felt petrified, I tried to focus on my Geography book so I started to read the tornado diagram again; it said after the lighting and the strong wind, the warm air is sucked in and wind from different directions make it rotate which is called air mass after it would make a rotating funnel drop from the clouds.I stopped reading as I could hear crashing windows and cars, things falling and flying. I felt really scared and closed my eyes a s minutes passed I thought I was dead, I walked out of my broken house and saw the lost scenery; there was people screaming and crying as some was in pain, I felt relieved that I had survived a natural disaster and my family was safe but my emotion was sympathy because my neighbours was crying,I was very heart broken as there was severe damages to the whole town and my home; the walls and roof was torn of the house, every car plus mobile homes was demolished furthermore small and large trees was uprooted or snapped. The weak pavement was blown off roads. I started to cry because every think was ruined and everyone else cried with me.

tartufffe essays

tartufffe essays Tartuffe, an odious hypocrite posing as a member of the clergy has ingratiated himself with the credulous Orgon and his mother Mme. Pernelle. He is taken into Orgon's home. Both Orgon and his mother believe that Tartuffe's pious example will be good for the other members of the family. But everyone else in the family, including even the outspoken servant Dorine, is perceptive enough to see through the impostor. Despite the protestations of his sensible brother-in-law Cleante and his son Damis, Orgon determines that his daughter Mariane, who is in love with a young man named Valere, shall marry Tartuffe. When Orgon's wife Elmire seeks out Tartuffe to beg him to refuse Mariane's hand, he attempts to seduce her. Damis, who has overheard, denounces the impostor, but Orgon reacts by banishing his son rather than his guest and by signing over his entire property to Tartuffe. Realizing the futility of reasoning with either Tartuffe or her husband, Elmire devises a way to expose the hypocrite to Orgon. She persuades Orgon to conceal himself under a table while she seduces Tartuffe, and thus witnesses the impostor's advances to her. Orgon's eyes are opened a little too late, for he has already assigned all he owns to Tartuffe. When Tartuffe realizes his hypocrisy has been discovered, he promptly turns the family out of the house. Then by reporting to the authorities that Orgon possesses a strongbox containing the papers of an exiled friend, Tartuffe contrives to have his former host arrested. But by order of the King, the arresting officer apprehends Tartuffe instead, and the impostor is hauled off to prison for his treacherous behavior toward his well-meaning if too credulous host. The play ends as Damis is reconciled with his father and the wedding of Mariane and Valere is announced. A hilarious study in evil, this comedy is about an emotionally fractured family being tested further by the ambition of an insidious and calculating ...

Discuss the emergence of the concept of 'sustainable development' in Essay

Discuss the emergence of the concept of 'sustainable development' in the 1990s and drawing on specific examples, critically - Essay Example This would enhance practical application of sustainable development in this century and the succeeding years. This paper discusses the emergence of the concept of sustainable development and its relevance in the current developmental practices in the world. During the onset of industrialization in the 18th century, scientists began questioning the impact of human civilization and activities to the environment and the available natural resources (WCED, 1987:26). In the late 18th century WCED (1987) notes that, Thomas Malthus predicted that the rapid growth in the global human population would ultimately result to low food production, where people around the planet would barely have enough to eat because of high population density. In this regard, if population growth remained unchecked, it increased the geometrical ratio and subsistence of man arithmetically. However, in the following two centuries after his prediction, growth in agricultural technology has enhanced more food producti on in spite of the growth in global population. Although some parts especially in developing economies still face food insecurity, agricultural overproduction in other regions have ensured relative global food security. Through improved farming methods, application of the fertilizers and use of heavy agricultural machinery have not only ensured improvement in crop production but also an increase in the area under crop production (Rogers, et al 2008: 35). However, the improved agricultural production has not come without an environmental price. Strategic natural resources such as forests, water bodies, animal habitats and other geographical features have been depleted and extensively damaged for long time before policy makers became cognizant of the environmental effects. In 1972, the concern about human activities to the depletion of natural resources was raised in the club of Rome after an increase in commodity prices was observed in the world market (Parris and Kates, 2003:59). Th is forum predicted that increase in industrial capital would lead to proportional growth in population that would in turn increase the pressure on the available non-renewable resources. However, failure of this argument to materialize fully in the following three decades resulted to its disapproval, but it raised enough concerns about environment and sustainable development (Parris and Kates, 2003:61) A conference held in 1972 in Stockholm, Sweden on human environment was the first of its kind to devote discussions entirely on environmental affairs. The convention brought together over 113 countries and representatives from international organizations (Asefa, 2005:22). During the convention, experts articulated on the interconnection between the environment and human development by arguing that both of them were interdependent of each other. This convention also resulted to the formation of the United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) to ensure that human activities do not destro y the environment and ensure its sustainability for the sake of the future generations. In addition, the conference in Stockholm established fundamental international agreement regarding dumping of wastes in oceans, pollution by water vessels and control of trade involving endangered species (WCED, 1987:72) However, Kates et al (2005: 53)

International strategic human resource management Essay

International strategic human resource management - Essay Example The Columbian Martin Barbero calls this movement as abstract inclusion and concrete exclusion. He emphsized that the many once sleepy towns have awaken to be the new industrial towns and cities of the nineteenth century where there was more class segregation. The community separation was made more complex by the more complex work conditions in our new industrial capitalism. Thus, the social authority was being deminished due to the commercial dismemberment of the cohesiveness of the national culture.( Goodall,1995) We can now travel, by jetplane, from on corner of the United Kingdom to the farthest community in the European Union. The European Union has given the citizens of one European Union country the free pass to visit any other European Union nation without a VISA. Airplanes and speedy trains have made travel from one European Union Country to Another very fast. A very good example is the United Kingdom which is composed of 3 countries. ... The national culture of one country is now in danger of being taken over or being mixed with the cultural of other countries.Storey quotes ""Every time that we snatch up a vehement opinion in ignorance and passion, every time that we long to crush an advesary by sheer violence, every time that we are envious, every time that we are brutal, every time that we adore mere power of success, every time that we add our voice to swell a blind clamor against some unpopular (Raymond, 1990)personage, every time that we trample savagely on the fallen [we have] found in our own bosom the eternal spirit of the populace.' (107; my italics) This quote by John Storey emphasizes that the new national culture is now a common culture (Inge,1989) of violence, envy, success, jealousy and success.Storey also states that national culture(David & Wodak,1999) has been marked by the above culture of cohesiveness under a state of authoritarianism and principles of hierarchy.Storey quoted Dwight Macdonald sayin g in the article A theory of Mass Culture "Mass culture (Wierzbicka, 1992)is imposed from above. It is fabricated by technicians hired by businessmen; its audience are passive consumers, their participation limited to the choice between buying and not buying. The Lords of kitsch, in short, exploit the cultural needs of the masses in order to make a profit and/or to maintain their class rule. (1998:23)" (Storey 29) This is a more sophisticated meaning of the society pertaining particularly to the consumers. The consumers simply either buy or do not buy the goods. The companies readily exploit this buy or not buy

Financial markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Financial markets - Essay Example So an in-depth analysis has been done to determine if debt or equity will be a good option for raising capital from the market. The data revealed that due to the environment of uncertainty it is better to maintain a portfolio of both debt and equity instruments. The different debt and equity options are discussed in the report so that companies can maintain tradeoff between risk and return and design the financial plans accordingly. ABC is an Australian company listed in Australian Securities Exchange (ASX). The company is in service sector and enjoys a high credit rating. It has been found that ABC enjoys sound financial structure as well. At present the company is planning to undertake expansion strategy and for that it has to raise capital. Before finalizing any decision, the management would be interested to evaluate the future of Australian Interest rates in coming months. For determining the future interest rate, a thorough analysis of Australian market needs to be done; taking into consideration all those factors which directly or indirectly influence the interest rate. Emphasis should be given on both domestic as well as international market conditions. This paper will also research to determine the appropriate financing instrument for the company as per the future interest rate condition. The main aim of the management is to develop a balance between cost of capital and risk factors. The research information and data is documented under different section. The first section provides an in-depth analysis of present and future market condition in Australia. The future prospect of interest rate is forecasted undertaking all the factors which influences it. In the second phase a strategy will be developed that helps ABC to finance their business according to the future market scenario and finally in the last section a discussion to support the recommended strategy and how the

Case Study The Samosa Company Marketing Essay

Case Study The Samosa Company Marketing Essay The Samosa company was conceived by the three founders Jake, Neeytantee and Naynesh Karia. Our vision was to recreate authentic true to origin hand made delicacies. We had realised that the market had become complacent and that quality and authenticity had compromised. It had been the diligent pursuit of these qualities that has made The Samosa Company so famous and successful today. The constant research by the new product development team ensures that we stay one step ahead and being a family run business we are able to adapt and react to market demands and act upon our customers requirements swiftly. Servicing comes to the finest establishment we have a selection that is both authentic and contemporary. Our kitchen adhere to the most rigorous of standards and our staff is trained to the highest level. Through the vigilance of the quality assured team the standard never falters and the quality is always consistent. The kitchens are located in the heart of the midlands and it is entirely manned by people sharing a passion for creating food that is beyond expectation. Our products are available throughout the United Kingdom and soon Europe. All are frozen and do not need to be defrosted before cooking. The Samosa Company set out to emulate a modern day imperial banquet. Setting out to explore much of the far eastern cuisine and reproduce it for your delectation. Producing some of the most common delicacies found at the oriental buffet table we have flavours that are very distant but instructive, paramount to this style of cooking. With opulent flavours. With opulent flavours originating from the Thai style to the unobtusive but highly delicious Chinese style we have tried to create a range that would any respectable restaurant or buffet table proud. Multi Food Industries is a leading manufacturer and exporter of Frozen Ethnic Asian Foods (Ready to Cook, Heat Eat, Bake Eat Frozen Foods). These consist of Asian Flat bread, Frozen Naan, samosa, spring roll, puff patties, pastry and a wide variety of similar but great tasting products. We are an ISO 9001:2000 and HACCP certified company. We export to USA, Canada, and all over Europe. We produce under private label as well as in our own brand named Prime-Harvest Mazedar. All our products are in attractive multilingual packing (French, English, Arabic). We would be glad if you can go over our website www.multifoodindustries.com for further information. Product pricing is one of those aspects of the marketing plan that is neglected- in some plans it is completely absent! The reason for this stems from thefact that all other aspects of marketing can be easily identified and quantifiedwhereas pricing is more of an art than a science. The product pricing issues that face any company are verycomplex in nature due to the numerous variables that have to be consideredbefore understanding pricing parameters. A company may have two objectives in its pricing policy. One may be to increasemarket share the other to increase profitability. It is NOT possible toachieve both objectives simultaneously. We will now consider the factors that should be taken intoaccount when trying to resolve the question of whether the business should tryto gain market share or increase profitability. Objectives and the product portfolio Every business should have a series of objectives relating to sales, profits,market share and return on capital. The business objectives might be such thatit calls for short term profits. However, the business owner should be consciousthat any decision made only for short term profitability will impact the longterm survival of the business. This is especially true if pricing decisions aremade in an ad-hoc manner it is probable that the goodwill that the company hasgenerated with its customers will be destroyed due to unreasonably high prices. The setting of marketing objectives for any particular product is thereforewithout doubt the starting point in any consideration of pricing. Product life cycle According to the product life cycle a product passes through 4stages, they are: Introduction: Product has been just introduced to the market so the price will typically be at the higher end; Growth: this is the stage in which a products sales increases rapidly price is set high at the growth phase to skim the market; Maturity saturation: Here the product reached optimal sales and plateaus out price is gradually reduced to maintain market share and meet the threat of competition; Decline: The product ceases to be popular due to a variety of reasons and decline sets in price cutting is in full swing to make sure that all inventory is exhausted before market demand runs out, a type of harvesting the market. The importance of the product life cycle in pricing cannot beunderstated. Obviously the pricing strategies at the different stages shoulddiffer to ensure that profits are maximized. Product Positioning The term product positioning has already been explained. It is avery important concept in setting the price of the product. It is clearly veryfoolish to position a product as a high quality exclusive item, and then priceit too low. Price is one of the clearest signals that the customer has aboutthe value of the product being offered. So there should always be a sensiblerelationship between the product and the price. Competition and potential competition Although the product has been well positioned there will alwaysbe competitors and it goes without saying that the threat of the competitionshould be carefully considered. In a situation of high competition it isimportant to note that competing purely on price is counter productive. Thebusiness should consider all elements of the marketing mix and how they interactto create demand and value for the product should be considered in setting theoverall competing strategy. Some firms launch new products at high prices only to find thatthey have made the market attractive to competitors who will launch similarproducts at much lower prices. A lower launch price might make diffusion in themarket quicker and allow for greater experience and the margin for a competitorto enter the market will be reduced.

Under Age Drinking : The Problems It Creates :: Teenage Drinking

Under Age Drinking : The Problems It Creates   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It's a Saturday night, and the bars are packed. People are inside having a few, or more than a few, drinks. A select few are really drunk or passed out. Now lets step outside and take a look at a different type of drinking, drinking at an early age. High school and junior high kids are at a party drinking. Like the adults, some are just having a few, but quite a few are having more than that and are stumbling around.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  These kids have been given the idea that drinking is something that adults do, and we all know that kids can't wait to be grown up. Thus, they drink, figuring that if they can at least do what adults do then they will be grown up, in a way. This is how our society works. Enough with the philosophy of it. Now I would like to talk about the effects that early age drinking can have on a person. I grew up in a town that has the most bars per capata in the state of Montana and is in the top ten in the United States. This has a huge effect on under age drinkers. The bars card at the door and as long as your 18 your in. And since the bouncers will stamp nearly anyone they know or like the number of kids is always high. It dosn't help that Dillon is a college town and ther are many under age college kids there. Now lets imagine another party where kids are drinking. The bonfire is roaring, Bubba just decided that singeing everyone's eyebrows off by throwing some gasoline on the fire would be fun. Of course nobody thought that this was very funny except for Bubba. Bubba is not the only teenage person at this party who has had a few to many. There are a lot of under age kids who are just plain drunk. This is a regular kind of party in my hometown, everyone goes out and drinks to get drunk. The sad thing is, that these kind of parties happen a lot of time twice a week expecially during the spring. All this partying catches up with these young peolpe. They don't get jobs because they are too tired from partying all night or all weekend long. Thier grades start slipping. The worst effect, however has to be the addiction to alcohol. I've seen freshman who drink all the time because they feel they can't live without their alcohol. Of course you have to realize that this is a

Costs and Direct Labor Cost

Midterm2Practice Key 1. The following data have been recorded for recently completed Job 501 on its job cost sheet. Direct materials cost was $3,067. A total of 30 direct labor-hours and 104 machine-hours were worked on the job. The direct labor wage rate is $12 per labor-hour. The company applies manufacturing overhead on the basis of machinehours. The predetermined overhead rate is $11 per machine-hour. The total cost for the job on its job cost sheet would be: A. $4,571 B. $3,757 C. $3,090 D. 3,427 Applied manufacturing overhead = Predetermined overhead rate x Actual machine-hours Applied manufacturing overhead = $11 x 104 Applied manufacturing overhead = $1,144 Total cost = Direct materials + Direct labor + Applied manufacturing overhead Total cost of Job 607 = $3,067 + (30 x $12) + $1,144 = $4,571 Loraine Company applies manufacturing overhead to jobs using a predetermined overhead rate of 70% of direct labor cost. Any underapplied or overapplied overhead cost is closed to Cost of Goods Sold at the end of the month. During August, the following transactions were recorded by the company: 2.The amount of direct materials cost in the August 31 Work in Process inventory account was: A. $10,200 B. $9,000 C. $4,800 D. $4,200 3. The Cost of Goods Manufactured for August was: A. $69,600 B. $69,500 C. $76,900 D. $84,500 4. The balance on August 1 in the Raw Materials inventory account was: A. $4,500 B. $7,000 C. $9,000 D. $11,500 5. Schrick Inc. manufactures a variety of products. Variable costing net operating income was $86,800 last year and ending inventory increased by 1,900 units. Fixed manufacturing overhead cost was $6 per unit. What was the absorption costing net operating income last year? A. 86,800 B. $75,400 C. $98,200 D. $11,400 Fixed manufacturing overhead deferred = $6 x 1,900 = $11,400 Absorption costing net income = Variable costing net operating income + Fixed manufacturing overhead deferred = $86,800 + $11,400 = $98,200 6. Ben Company produces a s ingle product. Last year, the company's net operating income under absorption costing was $4,400 lower than under variable costing. The company sold 8,000 units during the year, and its variable costs were $8 per unit, of which $3 was variable selling expense. Fixed manufacturing overhead was $1 per unit in beginning inventory under absorption costing.How many units did the company produce during the year? A. 12,400 units B. 3,600 units C. 7,120 units D. 7,450 units Unit fixed manufacturing overhead = (Difference in income / Change in inventory) = $4,400 Change in inventory = $1 Change in inventory = 4,400 units Units produced during the year = 8,000 units sold – 4,400 units change in inventory = 3,600 units Ross Company produces a single product. The company has direct materials costs of $8 per unit, direct labor costs of $6 per unit, and manufacturing overhead of $10 per unit. Sixty percent of the manufacturing overhead is for fixed costs.In addition, variable selling and a dministrative costs are $2 per unit, and fixed selling and administrative costs are $3 per unit at the current activity level. Assume that direct labor is a variable cost. 7. Under absorption costing, the unit product cost is: A. $24 B. $20 C. $26 D. $29 Unit product cost = Direct materials + Direct labor + Variable manufacturing overhead cost + Fixed manufacturing overhead cost = $8 + $6 + $10* = $24 * Manufacturing overhead cost of $10 includes variable and fixed costs. 8. Under variable costing, the unit product cost is: A. $24 B. $20 C. $18 D. 21 Unit product cost = Direct materials + Direct labor + Variable manufacturing overhead = $8 + $6 + [$10 x (100% – 60%)] = $8 + $6 + $4= $18 9. Viren Corporation has provided the following data from its activity-based costing system: The company makes 240 units of product T91H a year, requiring a total of 550 machine-hours, 90 orders, and 40 inspection-hours per year. The product's direct materials cost is $16. 98 per unit and its direct labor cost is $12. 09 per unit. According to the activity-based costing system, the average cost of product T91H is closest to: A. $79. 66 per unit B. 90. 81 per unit C. $29. 07 per unit D. $75. 70 per unit 10. Data concerning three of the activity cost pools of Bramhall LLC, a legal firm, have been provided below: The activity rate for the â€Å"meeting with clients† activity cost pool is closest to: A. $125 per meeting hour B. $65 per meeting hour C. $80 per meeting hour D. $665,500 per meeting hour Kleppe Corporation has provided the following data from its activity-based costing accounting system: The â€Å"Other† activity cost pool consists of the costs of idle capacity and organization-sustaining costs that are not assigned to products. 1. How much indirect factory wages and factory equipment depreciation cost would be assigned to the Customer Orders activity cost pool? A. $240,000 B. $72,000 C. $68,000 D. $480,000 12. How much indirect factory wages and f actory equipment depreciation cost would NOT be assigned to products using the activity-based costing system? A. $0 B. $68,000 C. $280,000 D. $200,000 13. In this problem, there are three possible overhead allocation bases: direct labor (present system), machine hours (the proposed system), and number of batches.First, calculate product costs under each of the three allocation schemes: (a). Direct labor cost as the allocation base (present system): Bluethings 120,000 . 50 $60,000 95. 238% 342,857 60,000 $462,857 $ 3. 857 Graythings 6,000 . 50 $3,000 4. 762% 17,143 3,000 $23,143 $ 3. 857 Total 126,000 Number of units Direct labor/unit Direct labor cost % of total direct labor cost Overhead allocated Direct material cost Total cost Unit cost $63,000 360,000 63,000 $486,000 (b). Machine hours as the allocation base (proposed system): Bluethings 120,000 600 200 20 4000 95. 38% $342,857 60,000 60,000 $462,857 $ 3. 857 Graythings 6,000 30 200 1 200 4. 762% $17,143 3,000 3,000 $23,143 $ 3. 857 Total 126,000 Number of units/year ? number of units/batch Number of batches/year x number of hours per batch Number of machine hours/year % of total machine hours Overhead allocated Direct labor cost Direct material cost Total cost Unit cost 4200 $360,000 63,000 63,000 $486,000 (c). Number of batches as the allocation base: Bluethings 120,000 600 200 50% $180,000 60,000 60,000 $300,000 $2. 50 Graythings 6,000 30 200 50% $180,000 3,000 3,000 $186,000 $31. 0 Total 126,000 400 Number of units/year ? number of units/batch Number of batches/year % of total batches Overhead allocated Direct labor cost Direct material cost Total cost Unit cost $360,000 63,000 63,000 $486,000 Notice that allocating overhead by either direct labor or machine hours produces identical product costs. Thus, the proposed system change will not affect decision making. There are two cost drivers in Set-up Company. Unit volume drives direct materials and direct labor, but set-ups (number of batches) appear to drive overhead costs.Allocating overhead using direct labor gives an incorrect impression of how overhead costs vary and distorts product costs. Overhead costs are incurred in setups. While run times per unit of thing is the same for blues and grays, batch sizes differ considerably. In fact, bluethings and graythings each required 200 batches. Therefore, each product line (as opposed to each unit of product) should be allocated an equal dollar amount of overhead. If this is done, then graythings become massive losers and bluethings are seen to be profitable, even with market price of $3 per unit.

Computer Technology is Here to Stay essays

Computer Technology is Here to Stay essays Computers have gone long way from its first invention to todays high speed machine that plays big role in mathematical modeling to the fields of medicine. Further down as the computers reduced in sizes they took on different purposes in communication, digital media (photography and now DVD), shopping and banking online, and control systems in cars. There is hardly anybody around who can say their lives haven't been influenced by computers. Computers have all but taken over society as we know it. Everywhere you look, computers have greatly improved our lives. The Internet is a technique of communication and a resource of information that has become trendier among educated and those who like to just surf the information superhighway. This in turn has created new modes of keeping in-touch and relaying data and video contents at a lower cost. There are also problems being created with this much information being accessible to general public. Some of these problems are related to spread of pornographic, and hate materials over the internet. The governments throughout the world are pushing for censorship. But a portion of the public does not want the government to regulate the Internet. The computer crimes that started in the 70s have become more and more widespread mainly due to the advancement in the computer technology and the unregulated access to the internet. Some computer crimes are committed by outside individuals that hack into a computer system. These are individuals that generally steal protected information and cause data loss by vandalism. The only way to prevent this kind of crime is to have the international community of countries implement a treaty that would regulate the use of internet. The birth of computer goes way back into human technological evolution. The very first computer is thought to be invented in China3. The Chinese adding machine as it is called didnt have any electronic parts3...

Essay on Discussion 1 week 2

Essay on Discussion 1 week 2 Essay on Discussion 1 week 2 The Studying and Self-Regulated Learning (SSRL) SIG is dedicated to promoting the development of theory and research in academic studying and self-regulated learning across the life span. The SIG brings together researchers and practitioners to share expertise in all aspects of self-regulated learning, including motivation, metacognition, learning and studying strategies, and the ways in which learners manage their emotions and environments I use self regulating everyday, We all do like setting your clock for 5:00am every morning to go to work or you may have to put the kids on the bus on time, getting assignments finished on time or say you start dinner at a set time, All of those are using self regulating but sometimes we all have so much going on in the day that we don't use self regulating in the other things that we need to be done in our every day schedule, Like me I have to go to work every morning on time but when I get home my day just don't stop they are things I still have to do and it is hard to try and get everything done then when I do its like I just want to set back and put my feet up then I think I still have to get my school work done. But its like I talk my self out of it and say I have another day to get this finished, When I should not think like that, My assignments should be finished in a timely manner not at the died line, And that is why I am going to start using self regulate and a schedule w ith work, school and my family, A time to study,

Understanding Religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Understanding Religion - Essay Example Religion largely concerns an individual’s faith; whether he or she is a believer or not. Faith is the key pillar of all religions, and it is evident in all religions of the world. Without faith, in the existence of a supreme being or a higher mode of living, there would be no religions to talk about (Van, 2007). Religions all over the world strive to encourage a state of better coexistence between individuals and their environment. The earliest known religions have similarities with today’s religion because they still preach the same principles of living a pure life without sin. However, there exists a difference in how sin is defined, in the different religions of the world. Different religions have different teachings and ideas that are deemed necessary to be able to attain the set goal of religion, which varies depending on the type of an individual’s religious background (Van, 2007). Religion is seen as the greatest unifier for all mankind, and it forges a ve ry strong bond between believers. Traditions of a given community have contributed to the type of religion that develops around them, and the influence it has on their daily lives (Van, 2007). For instance, Asian countries have different religious practices from those of the Western world as evidenced by predominant Buddhism, in Asia, and Christianity, in Western countries. Their religions were entrenched early at the beginning of their cultures and traditions. This made it easier for their type of religious beliefs to be accepted earlier, in the life of each individual as the normal way of life and existence (Van, 2007). Religious scriptures have played a key role in shaping and spreading different religions around the globe. Scriptures are written documents like the Bible or the Quran that the believers of these religions believe contain sacred messages.